![]() Diet and Disease: Not What You Thinkby Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig, Ph. D. Heart disease is America’s major killer; it’s prevention is our most urgent public health priority. Americans must change their diet, say the experts. Steer clear of traditional foods like butter, cream, cheese, eggs, and meat, they tell us. Rich foods contain cholesterol and saturated fats — “artery clogging substances.”The accumulation of hardened plaque in the arteries, or atherosclerosis, is indeed a major cause of heart disease in Western nations. The accepted explanation for its prevalence in civilized countries is the lipid hypothesis, namely that dietary saturated fat and cholesterol lead to elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, and that these elevated levels of cholesterol cause the pathogenic atheromas that block blood vessels. This theory has been promoted by the American Heart Association since the mid- 1. ![]() It forms the basis of governmental nutritional recommendations, which in turn have spurred consumer acceptance of a vast array of low- fat, cholesterol free food products, most of which contain ingredients that are new to the American diet. Numerous studies, both national and international, have explored the lipid hypothesis — and consumed the lion’s share of research dollars in this area — including three major projects funded by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The first and best known of these studies was the Framingham Heart Study, carried out in the town of Framingham, Massachusetts. Although Framingham is often associated with proof of the lipid hypothesis, the results of this 4. Investigators claimed that there was a 2. CHD, between cholesterol levels of 1. Sigma-Aldrich tabletting products. USA Home > Product Directory > Biochemicals and Reagents > Biological Buffers > Buffer Convenience Packaging > Buffer Tablets. KOMBE Seme Maria Luisa Genito Apice Maria Luisa BERNAMA COWGIRLS ENSLINGER TOTH MORMANN VAZGUEZ DEGEORGE CONFUSING Vittorio Emanuele, 104 84010 089/853218.
![]() ![]() ![]() But the actual rate of increase was only . Between cholesterol levels of 2. CHD actually declined. Thus Framingham investigators found virtually no difference in heart disease for serum cholesterol levels between 1. U. S. William Castelli, the current director of the Framingham project, admitted as recently as 1. In Framingham, Massachusetts, the more saturated fat one ate, the more cholesterol one ate, the more lories one ate, the lower people’s serum cholesterol. One group received a cholesterol lowering drug, the other a placebo. Average cholesterol reduction for the drug group was 8. This led to the oft repeated statement: “For each 1% reduction in cholesterol, we can expect a 2% reduction in CHD events.” But when independent researchers tallied the LRC data, they found no difference in CHD between the two groups. An unequivocal but rarely published finding of the LRC was an increase in deaths from cancer, intestinal disease, stroke, violence, and suicide in the group taking the cholesterol- lowering drug. Both the popular press and medical journals portrayed the LRC as the long- sought proof that animal fats and dietary cholesterol are the cause of heart disease. The 1. 98. 4 government- sponsored Cholesterol Consensus Conference called for mass cholesterol screening and defined all Americans with cholesterol levels over 2. Participating scientists recommended the prudent diet for “at risk” Americans, one low in saturated fat and cholesterol. A specific recommendation was the replacement of butter with margarine. The ensuing National Cholesterol Education Program instructed American physicians in techniques for lowering serum cholesterol through diet ant drugs. The estimated current cost for cholesterol screening and treatment in the United States now exceeds $6. The application of a modicum of common sense could have prevented the massive expenditures lavished on the lipid hypothesis during the past 3. The lipid hypothesis implies that animal fat consumption must have increased significantly since 1. America declined steadily during that period, while use of vegetable fats increased dramatically. Autopsy studies of vegetarians reveal that although they have lower serum cholesterol values than non- vegetarians, they have as much atherosclerosis as non- vegetarians. In fact, the International Atherosclerosis Project, which analyzed 3. Michael De. Bakey, the famous heart surgeon, surveyed 1,7. One of these voices is the eminent researcher Dr. George Mann, who states categorically: “The diet- heart hypothesis has been repeatedly shown to be wrong, ant yet, for complicated reasons of pride, profit, and prejudice, the hypothesis continues to be exploited by scientists, fund- raising enterprises, food companies, and even governmental agencies. The public is being deceived by the greatest health scam of the century.”Michael Gurr, Ph. D., renowned expert on lipids and author of the authoritative textbook on lipid biochemistry, recently stated that “whatever causes coronary heart disease, it is not primarily a high intake of saturated fat.” He criticized “? There are, in fact, a number of dissenting theories, most of which dovetail into a compelling list of dietary and lifestyle factors that are unique to civilized societies. Consider the following: In the 1. Yudkin and Lopez discovered a link between consumption of refined sugar and heart disease. Sugar consumption lowers the body’s resistance to bacteria, viruses, and yeasts that may cause inflammation in both the heart and the arteries. Excess sugar leads to deficiencies in the entire B- vitamin complex, needed for healthy arteries. Ongoing research at the U. S. Department of Agriculture indicates that fructose may be even more dangerous than sugar. Fructose, mainly in the form of high- fructose corn syrup (HFCS), has become the sweetener of choice for soft drinks, condiments and many so- called health foods. Also in the 1. 96. Annand discovered a correlation between the consumption of heated milk protein and a tendency to thrombosis — the formation of blood clots — and noted that the rise in coronary heart disease began in the 1. Researcher Kilmer Mc. Culley has found a positive relationship between deficiencies in folic acid, B 6 and B l. B 6 and B 1. 2 are found almost exclusively in animal products — the very foods that proponents of the lipid hypothesis advise us to avoid. B 6 deficiency is also associated with hardening of the tendons leading to carpal tunnel syndrome. Deficiencies of this heat- sensitive vitamin are widespread in America, partly because B 1 and B 2 added to white flour interfere with its proper use, and partly because it is destroyed during milk pasteurization. A diet rich in natural vitamin C complex helps maintain the integrity of both blood vessels and heart muscle. Vitamin C also plays a role in collagen synthesis, along with copper, through the enzyme lysyl oxidase. Deficiencies occur in diets that lack fresh fruits and vegetables. Heart disease has been correlated with mineral deficiencies. Coronary heart disease rates are lower in regions where drinking water is naturally rich in trace minerals, particularly magnesium, which acts as a natural anti- coagulant and aids potassium absorption, thereby preventing heartbeat irregularities. Mineral- rich water and soil also supply iodine, needed for a healthy thyroid gland. People with poor thyroid function are very prone to heart disease. Calcium also plays a role in protecting the heart and arteries. Potassium helps maintain proper blood pressure. Traditional meat broths are rich in magnesium, potassium, calcium, and iodine. In America, these have largely been replaced by imitation broth products containing MSG and hydrolyzed protein. The most important change in the American diet during the years of CHD increase has been the gradual substitution of vegetable fats for those of animal origin. Hydrogenated fats — in the form of margarine and shortening — have replaced butter and lard, while the consumption of vegetable oils has increased more than 1. Since as early as 1. Mensink and Katan in the Netherlands, and Walter Willett at Harvard University. An excess of vegetable oils, even when not hydrogenated, seems to play a role in causing heart disease because they cause an imbalance in the production of prostaglandins, localized tissue hormones that play a role in all of the body’s complex chemical processes; and because industrially processed vegetable oils contain bee radicals that damage the arteries, thereby initiating plaque deposits. Arterial plaque contains cholesterol because the body actually uses cholesterol to repair injuries, tears, and irritations to artery walls. However, like rancid vegetable oils, cholesterol that has been oxidized by high temperatures and exposure to air can itself irritate the arterial walls and initiate pathological buildup. High temperature spray production of powdered milk and eggs, used as additives in many processed foods, began in the early part of the century. Consumption of both hydrogenated fats and products containing oxidized cholesterol increased greatly after the war. A recent study found that excess consumption of omega- 6 fatty acids, the kind found in commercial vegetable oils made from corn, soy, safflower, and canola, increases the amount of oxidized cholesterol in the arterial plaque. Like sugar and white flour, these vegetable oils, produced by high temperature industrial processing, are new to the human diet. It is the polyunsaturated omega- 6 fatty acids — not saturated fat — that form the major fat component of arterial plaque, yet for many years the American Heart Association and many establishment nutrition writers advocated consumption of polyunsaturated oils for the heart. The role of vitamin D in protecting against heart disease has been neglected. Vitamin D is essential for the intestinal absorption of many minerals, but particularly calcium and magnesium. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with defective calcification of the bones and pathogenic calcification of the arteries. Synthetic vitamin D added to milk has the same effect as vitamin D deficiency — it causes abnormal calcification of the soft tissues, particularly the blood vessels.
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